Artlabeling Activity the Structure of the Kidney Frontal Section Through Left Kidney Part 2
Learning Objectives
By the terminate of this department, you volition be able to:
- Depict the external structure of the kidney, including its location, support structures, and roofing
- Identify the major internal divisions and structures of the kidney
- Identify the major blood vessels associated with the kidney and trace the path of blood through the kidney
- Compare and contrast the cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
- Name structures found in the cortex and medulla
- Describe the physiological characteristics of the cortex and medulla
The kidneys prevarication on either side of the spine in the retroperitoneal infinite between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall, well protected by musculus, fat, and ribs. They are roughly the size of your fist, and the male kidney is typically a chip larger than the female kidney. The kidneys are well vascularized, receiving about 25 percent of the cardiac output at rest.
Interactive Link
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External Anatomy
The left kidney is located at most the T12 to L3 vertebrae, whereas the right is lower due to slight deportation by the liver. Upper portions of the kidneys are somewhat protected by the eleventh and twelfth ribs (Effigy 25.seven). Each kidney weighs about 125–175 1000 in males and 115–155 g in females. They are almost 11–14 cm in length, 6 cm wide, and iv cm thick, and are directly covered by a fibrous sheathing composed of dumbo, irregular connective tissue that helps to hold their shape and protect them. This sheathing is covered past a shock-absorbing layer of adipose tissue chosen the renal fat pad, which in turn is encompassed by a tough renal fascia. The fascia and, to a lesser extent, the overlying peritoneum serve to firmly anchor the kidneys to the posterior intestinal wall in a retroperitoneal position.
Figure 25.seven Kidneys The kidneys are slightly protected past the ribs and are surrounded by fatty for protection (not shown).
On the superior aspect of each kidney is the adrenal gland. The adrenal cortex directly influences renal role through the production of the hormone aldosterone to stimulate sodium reabsorption.
Internal Beefcake
A frontal section through the kidney reveals an outer region called the renal cortex and an inner region called the medulla (Effigy 25.8). The renal columns are connective tissue extensions that radiate downwards from the cortex through the medulla to separate the most feature features of the medulla, the renal pyramids and renal papillae. The papillae are bundles of collecting ducts that send urine fabricated by nephrons to the calyces of the kidney for excretion. The renal columns also serve to divide the kidney into 6–viii lobes and provide a supportive framework for vessels that enter and exit the cortex. The pyramids and renal columns taken together establish the kidney lobes.
Figure 25.8 Left Kidney
Renal Hilum
The renal hilum is the entry and exit site for structures servicing the kidneys: vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and ureters. The medial-facing hila are tucked into the sweeping convex outline of the cortex. Emerging from the hilum is the renal pelvis, which is formed from the major and small-scale calyxes in the kidney. The smooth musculus in the renal pelvis funnels urine via peristalsis into the ureter. The renal arteries form directly from the descending aorta, whereas the renal veins return apple-pie blood direct to the inferior vena cava. The artery, vein, and renal pelvis are arranged in an inductive-to-posterior order.
Nephrons and Vessels
The renal artery start divides into segmental arteries, followed by further branching to course interlobar arteries that pass through the renal columns to reach the cortex (Effigy 25.ix). The interlobar arteries, in turn, branch into arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, and and then into afferent arterioles. The afferent arterioles service about 1.3 1000000 nephrons in each kidney.
Effigy 25.nine Blood Flow in the Kidney
Nephrons are the "functional units" of the kidney; they cleanse the claret and rest the constituents of the circulation. The afferent arterioles form a tuft of high-force per unit area capillaries near 200 µm in diameter, the glomerulus. The rest of the nephron consists of a continuous sophisticated tubule whose proximal finish surrounds the glomerulus in an intimate embrace—this is Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together class the renal corpuscle. As mentioned before, these glomerular capillaries filter the blood based on particle size. Afterward passing through the renal corpuscle, the capillaries form a second arteriole, the efferent arteriole (Figure 25.10). These will next course a capillary network around the more than distal portions of the nephron tubule, the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, before returning to the venous system. Equally the glomerular filtrate progresses through the nephron, these capillary networks recover most of the solutes and h2o, and return them to the circulation. Since a capillary bed (the glomerulus) drains into a vessel that in turn forms a 2nd capillary bed, the definition of a portal system is met. This is the but portal system in which an arteriole is institute betwixt the kickoff and second capillary beds. (Portal systems also link the hypothalamus to the inductive pituitary, and the blood vessels of the digestive viscera to the liver.)
Figure 25.10 Blood Menstruum in the Nephron The 2 capillary beds are clearly shown in this figure. The efferent arteriole is the connecting vessel betwixt the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta.
Interactive Link
Visit this link to view an interactive tutorial of the flow of blood through the kidney.
Cortex
In a dissected kidney, it is easy to identify the cortex; information technology appears lighter in color compared to the remainder of the kidney. All of the renal corpuscles as well as both the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) and distal convoluted tubules are found here. Some nephrons have a short loop of Henle that does not dip beyond the cortex. These nephrons are chosen cortical nephrons. About 15 percentage of nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla and are called juxtamedullary nephrons.
Source: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/25-3-gross-anatomy-of-the-kidney
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